<text><span class="style42"></span><span class="style12">SRI LANKA</span><span class="style14"></span><span class="style42">Official name:</span><span class="style13"> Sri Lanka Prajatantrika Samajawadi Janarajaya (Democratic Socialist Republic of Sri Lanka)</span><span class="style42">Member of: </span><span class="style13">UN, Commonwealth</span><span class="style42">Area: </span><span class="style13">65610 km2 (25332 sq mi)</span><span class="style42">Population: </span><span class="style13">17615000 (1993 est)</span><span class="style42">Capital: </span><span class="style13">Colombo ΓÇô administrative capital ΓÇô 1459000 (city 615 000; Sri Jayewardenepura Kotte, usually known as Kotte ΓÇô legislative capital and the national capital designate ΓÇô 109000; Dehiwala-Mt Lavinia 191000; Moratuwa 170000; 1989 est)</span><span class="style42">Other major cities: </span><span class="style13">Jaffna 143000, Kandy 102000 (1989 est)</span><span class="style42">Languages: </span><span class="style13">Sinhala (72%), Tamil (21%), English ΓÇô all official</span><span class="style42">Religions: </span><span class="style13">Buddhist (69%), Hindu (15%), Sunni Islam (8%), Christian (mainly Roman Catholic; 7%)</span><span class="style42">GOVERNMENT</span><span class="style13">The 225-member Parliament is elected for six years under a system of proportional representation by universal adult suffrage. The President ΓÇô who is also directly elected for six years ΓÇô appoints a Cabinet and a Prime Minister who are responsible to Parliament. Constitutional changes scheduled for 1995 include the return of a parliamentary (rather than a presidential) system of government.</span><span class="style42">GEOGRAPHY</span><span class="style13">The central highlands of Sri Lanka rise to Pidurutalagala at 2527 m (8292 ft). Most of the rest of the island consists of forested lowlands which in the north are flat and fertile. </span><span class="style42">Climate: </span><span class="style13">The island has a tropical climate modified by the monsoon. Rainfall totals vary between 5000 mm (20 in) in the southwest and 1000 mm (40 in) in the northeast.</span><span class="style42">ECONOMY</span><span class="style13">About one half of the labor force is involved in agriculture, growing rice for domestic consumption, and tea, rubber and coconuts for export. Major irrigation and hydroelectric installations on the Mahaweli River are being constructed. Industries include food processing and textiles, but the economy ΓÇô in particular tourism ΓÇô has been damaged by separatist guerrilla activity. </span><span class="style42">Currency: </span><span class="style13">Sri Lankan rupee.</span><span class="style42">HISTORY</span><span class="style13">In the 6th century bc Sinhalese invaders from north India arrived in Ceylon ΓÇô as Sri Lanka was known before 1972. They established a capital at Anuradhapura, which became a key center of Buddhist learning. In the 12th century Tamil invaders from south India established a kingdom in the north, where they displaced the Sinhalese. Spices drew Arab traders. Trading settlements were founded by the Portuguese in the 16th century, and then by the Dutch, who were invited by the king of Kandy to oust the Portuguese in the 17th century. From 1796 British rule replaced the Dutch, uniting the entire island for the first time.Nationalist feeling grew from the beginning of the 20th century, leading to independence in 1948, and a republican constitution in 1972. The country has been bedeviled by Tamil-Sinhalese ethnic rivalry, which led to major disorders in 1958, 1961 and since 1977. In 1971 a Marxist rebellion was crushed after heavy fighting. Sri Lanka elected the worldΓÇÖs first woman Prime Minister, Sirimavo Bandaranaike (1916ΓÇô ; PM 1960ΓÇô65, 1970ΓÇô77 and 1994ΓÇô ). Since the 1980s separatist Tamil guerrillas have fought for an independent homeland (Eelam). Fighting between rival Tamil guerrilla groups, Sinhalese extremists and government forces reduced the northeast to near civil war. An Indian ΓÇÿpeace-keepingΓÇÖ force intervened (1987), but this aggravated an already complex situation. Indian forces withdrew in 1990, and Tamil guerrilla activity continued in the northeast. Tension increased in 1993 after the assassination of President Premasada by a Tamil. Elections in 1993 brought to power the (socialist) Sri Lanka Freedom Party, which is prepared to grant autonomy to a Tamil region. A ceasefire was agreed, and peace talks proposed, in 1995. </span></text>